Jalaluddin khilji son
This whetted his appetite for money and power. In fact, Ala-ud-din dreamed to become the Sultan of Delhi and all those nobles who were dissatisfied with the weak policy of Jalal-ud-din gathered round him. Ala-ud-din needed wealth to increase the number of his followers and strengthen his position. He had heard about the fabulous wealth of Devagiri during his campaign of Bhilsa.
Of course, Devagiri was the strongest and the richest state of South India. The internal peace, good administration and prosperous trade and agriculture had, certainly, made Devagiri as one of the most prosperous states of South India. So far, no ruler of Delhi Sultanate had dared to attack the South and therefore, wealth and honour of the Hindu states were kept safe so far.
Ala-ud-din decided to loot the wealth of Devagiri. He did not disclose his plans to anybody. Even from the Sultan, he sought permission simply to attack Chanderi.
Biography of jalaluddin khilji brothers
Passing through Chanderi and Bhilsa, he reached Ellichpur, the northernmost outpost of the kingdom of Devagiri. He gave the impression that he was a disaffected noble of the Delhi-court and was going to seek service in Telingana. After two days when he marched ahead of Ellichpur, his passage was obstructed by Kanha, one of the governors of Ramchandra Deva.
Kanha was defeated and Ala-ud-din reached the city-gates of Devagiri. Ramchandra Deva was totally unprepared to face this surprise attack. He had sent his main army to the frontier of the neighbouring Hoysala kingdom under his son Sankara Singhana. He was, therefore, forced to seek shelter within the fort. But he had not arranged anything for the defence of the fort.
The moat around his fort had no water in it and there were no provisions in the fort. The sacks which were hurriedly collected as sacks of cereals were found filled up with salt. Ala-ud-din, on his own part, gave the impression that his army was only the advance guard of the main army of Delhi-court which was following him fast. Feeling himself entrapped, Ramchandra sued for peace only after a week.
Ala-ud-din readily agreed for it. Meanwhile Sankara had received the news of the attack of Ala- ud-din and had hurried back to the capital with his army. He would have lost the battle but for the timely arrival of Nusrat Khan with his contingent who came to his rescue after realising his difficult condition.
His army was mistaken as the main Muslim army of Delhi by the troops of Devagiri and therefore, they retreated in confusion. Ramchandra Deva was now forced to sue for peace on more harder terms. Ala- ud-din got huge indemnity, horses and elephants and the promise of annual payment of the revenue of Ellichpur.
Some historians have expressed that Ramchandra Deva married one of his daughters to Ala-ud-din. It is, however, not certain but there is no doubt that the wealth which Ala-ud-din got from Devagiri was enormous and that helped him in making him the Sultan of Delhi. Jalal-ud-din was at Gwalior when Ala-ud-din was returning after his successful campaign of Devagiri.
Ahmad Chap advised Jalal-ud-din to check Ala-ud-din in the way and snatch away the booty from him. But the Sultan did not agree to it and went back to Delhi. Ala-ud-din reached Manikpur safely. He, then, wrote letters to his brother Almas Beg who was at the court and also to the Sultan that as he had attacked Devagiri without the permission of the Sultan he was very much afraid of his wrath.
He requested Sultan to pardon him and visit Manikpur personally. In that case he promised to handover the entire booty of Devagiri to the Sultan. But, if the Sultan would not agree then he would commit suicide or flee away to Bengal. By that time most of the nobles at the court were convinced that Ala-ud-din was playing false with the Sultan.
Yet, Almas Beg succeeded in convincing Jalal-ud-din that Ala-ud-din was innocent. Therefore, much against the advice of his loyal nobles he marched towards Manikpur. The contemporary chronicles of the Delhi Sultanate do not provide much information about Jalaluddin's background. According to the 15th century text Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi , Jalaluddin was a son of "Bughrush", which seems to be a mistake for Yughrush.
According to the Ilkhanate chronicler Wassaf , Jalaluddin served the Mongols as the commander shahna of Binban, located just west of the Indus River. Jalaluddin probably entered the Delhi Sultanate service sometime during the reign of Balban. According to Isami , he was in the service of Balban's son Bughra Khan.
This likely happened sometime before , during Bughra Khan's tenure as the governor of Samana. Jalaluddin gradually rose to prominence as a commander in north-western India, with Samana as his headquarters. Before his ascension to the throne, Jalal-ud-din was known as Malik Firuz.
Biography of jalaluddin khilji brothers and sisters
He and his brother Shihabuddin father of Alauddin Khalji served Balban for several years. As the governor, he distinguished himself in the Sultanate's conflicts with the Mongol invaders. Qaiqabad was a weak ruler, and the administration was actually run by his officer Malik Nizamuddin. By this time, Qaiqabad's health had deteriorated, and two rival factions of nobles vied for the power in Delhi.
One faction, led by Malik Aytemur Surkha, sought to maintain the power of the old Turkic nobility, and wanted to retain Balban's family on the throne. The two nobles then conspired to kill their rival nobles, including Jalal-ud-din then Malik Firuz. At this time, Jalal-ud-din was conducting an inspection of the royal army at Bhugal Pahari Baharpur according to Ziauddin Barani.
His nephew Malik Ahmad Chap, who held the office of naib-i amir-i hajib , informed him about the conspiracy. Jalal-ud-din then moved his quarters to Ghiyaspur, and summoned his relatives from Baran on the pretext of preparing for an impending Mongol invasion. Other officers on Surkha's hit list also joined the Khaljis. Shortly after, Jalal-ud-din received an order summoning him to the royal court in Delhi, and realized that this was part of a plot to kill him.
He excused himself on the pretext of conducting an inspection of the army at Kannauj. Kachhan then personally marched from Delhi to Kannauj, and told Jalal-ud-din that his presence was sought in Delhi immediately. Jalal-ud-din pretended not knowing anything about the conspiracy, and requested Kachhan to rest in a tent, while he finished the inspection.
In the tent, Jalal-ud-din had Kachhan beheaded, and had his body thrown into the Yamuna River , starting a war between the two rival factions. Jalal-ud-din's sons marched to Delhi, entered the royal palace, and brought the titular Sultan Kayumars to Jalal-ud-din's camp. Malik Surkha and his associates tried to retrieve Kayumars, but were captured and killed.
Jalal-ud-din's men also abducted some sons of Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin, the kotwal of Delhi, and therefore, Fakhruddin dissuaded the people of Delhi from trying to retrieve Kayumars. After eliminating the officers of the rival faction, Jalal-ud-din continued to acknowledge Kayumars as the Sultan of Delhi. He became the governor of Bhatinda , Dipalpur and Multan provinces.
However, Malik Chajju preferred to be the governor of Kara-Manikpur , and Fakhruddin also rejected the offer. Qaiqabad died on 1 February according to Yahya Sirhindi he died of starvation after being neglected, but another account states that he was murdered on Jalal-ud-din's orders by an officer whose father had been executed by him.
Jalal-ud-din known as Malik Firuz until this point , ascended the throne of Delhi in June , at the unfinished Kilokhri also Kilughari or Kailugarhi Palace near Delhi. He had little support among the old Turkic nobles, who viewed him as an Afghan Pashtun , believing him to be of non-Turkic ancestry.
Biography of jalaluddin khilji brothers death
In addition, he was an old man of around 70 years, and his mild nature was seen as unsuitable for the position. Jalal-ud-din avoided making any radical changes to the administrative set-up, and retained the old Turkic nobles in the offices that they held during Balban's reign. At the same time, Jalal-ud-din appointed his relatives and associates to the important offices.
Gradually, Jalal-ud-din overcame the initial hostility that he had faced from the citizens of Delhi. He gained reputation as a humble and kind-hearted monarch, as opposed to the preceding despots like Balban. After entering Delhi, he had the royal entrance to the Red Palace dismounted, and refused to sit on the king's seat in the royal audience-hall, saying that the crown had been forced upon him because of the malicious intents of Surkha and Kachhan.
While the general public admired Jalal-ud-din as a kind-hearted and sincere person, a section of nobles despised him as a weak ruler. Chajju seems to have opted for the governorship of the easternmost province of Kara-Manikpur to remain away from imperial control, and possibly, because he hoped to seek support from his cousin Bughra Khan father of Qaiqabad , who had become an independent ruler of the eastern Bengal region in Chajju styled himself as Sultan Mughisuddin, and declared his independence.
As a mark of his sovereignty, he issued his own coins, and had the khutba read in his name. Under these circumstances, Jalal-ud-din's loyal officers in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region started withdrawing from the region. Chajju was confident that he enjoyed more support than Jalal-ud-din, who was yet to find favour among the old nobles of Delhi and its neighbouring areas.
Therefore, he marched towards Delhi along the left bank of the Ganges River, and then the Ramganga River. He probably planned to enter Delhi from Amroha area. Jalal-ud-din set out to crush the revolt after appointing his eldest son, who held the title Khan-i Khanan , in-charge of Delhi. He led his army towards Badaun via Koil modern Aligarh.
The vanguard of his army, led by his second eldest son Arkali Khan, marched ahead of the rest of the army, and spotted Chajju's army on the other side of the Ramganga River.
Alauddin khilji: Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, also known as Firuz al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji (Persian; جلال الدین خلجی c. – 19 July , r. –) was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate of India from to
Chajju's soldiers had seized all the boats, so Arkali Khan's contingent could not cross the river. At night, Arkali Khan sent a raiding party to Chajju's camp on rafts and skiffs. The raids caused panic among Chajju's soldiers, who deserted their camp, and moved northwards. Arkali Khan plundered the deserted camp for two days, and then pursued the enemy.
He came across Chajju's army at a Ramganga river crossing, and fought an indecisive battle. Meanwhile, Jalal-ud-din's army crossed the Ganges river at Bhojpur near Farrukhabad , and engaged Chajju's supporters in another battle. Chajju then secretly left the camp with some of his followers. In the morning, Arkali Khan crossed the river, and easily defeated the remaining army of Chajju.
The rest of Chajju's army then surrendered. Chajju himself took shelter in a walled village, but the village headman turned him over to Jalal-ud-din's army. Aakali Khan then joined Jalal-ud-din, and the combined imperial army marched to the eastern districts to punish the chiefs who had supported Chajju. Some chiefs, such as that of Rupal, surrendered and saved themselves by offering heavy tributes.
The Hindu rebels were executed, and the Muslim rebels of Indian origin were sold as slaves. Jalal-ud-din treated the Turkic Muslim rebels kindly, despite objections by his nephew Ahmad Chhap. She also influenced contemporary politics to great extent. Her future husband, Alauddin, was the eldest son of Jalaluddin's older brother, Shihabuddin Mas'ud, making Malika-i-Jahan a first-cousin of Alauddin.
His younger brother, Almas Beg, also married a daughter of Jalaluddin. Malika-i-Jahan married Alauddin long before the Khalji revolution of He fell out with the princess when she attempted to dominate him and exhibited open jealousy and contempt towards his second wife, Mahru, the sister of Alp Khan. In a fit of temper, Alauddin assaulted her. The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against Alauddin.
Alauddin was also on bad terms with his mother-in-law, who convinced Jalaluddin that he was aiming to carve out an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. In , he raided Bhilsa , a wealthy town in the Paramara kingdom of Malwa , which had been weakened by multiple invasions.
Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully raided Devagiri in He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves.
However, Alauddin marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting Alauddin at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. After reaching Kara, Alauddin sent a letter of apology to the Sultan and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Sultan's mind against him during his absence.
He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers.
At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of Alauddin's military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan. Meanwhile, Alauddin's younger brother Almas Beg later Ulugh Khan , who was married to a daughter of Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of Alauddin's loyalty.
He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan did not pardon him personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by land route, while he himself decided to cross the Ganges river with a smaller body of around 1, soldiers.
On 20 July , Alauddin had Jalaluddin killed, after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declaring himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi. Alauddin, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July , was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan at Kara.
Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to Awadh. He promoted the existing Amirs to the rank of Maliks , and appointed his close friends as the new Amirs. At that time, there were heavy rains, and the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers were flooded. But Alauddin made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or background checks.
Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,strong cavalry and a 60,strong infantry. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50 mann s of gold, and each of their soldiers silver tanka s hammered coins. Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river.
Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow Malka-i-Jahan appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles. This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of Multan. When Malika-i-Jahan heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi.
However, Arkali refused to come to her aid. Alauddin resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October , when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached Siri , Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to Alauddin at midnight. Alauddin then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority.
On 21 October , Alauddin was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi. Initially, Alauddin consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments and appointing many people to government positions. Of Alauddin's first year as the Sultan, chronicler Ziauddin Barani wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen.
At this time, Alauddin could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories. In the Punjab region , his authority was limited to the areas east of the Ravi river. The region beyond Lahore suffered from Mongol raids and Khokhar rebellions. Multan was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harbored the fugitives from Delhi.
Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his wazir prime minister. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants, and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara.
Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the kotwal of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. In the winter of , the Mongols led by a noyan of the Chagatai Khanate raided Punjab, advancing as far as Kasur. Alauddin's forces, led by Ulugh Khan, defeated the Mongols on 6 February According to Amir Khusrow , 20, Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners.
This time, Alauddin's general Zafar Khan defeated the invaders and recaptured the fort. Alauddin's army plundered several towns including Somnath , where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave Malik Kafur , who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns.
Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Around the same time, Alauddin turned his attention towards the present-day state of Rajasthan to subdue the Rajput kingdoms for a secure base to Gujarat and Malwa and for further expeditions in the South.
Following a long siege and due to the dearth of food and resources, eventually, the besieged Rajputs under the command of Mularaja performed Saka where the women committed Jauhar and the men fought until death. Thus, Alauddin successfully penetrated into territories of the Bhattis. After the conquest of Jaisalmer, it remained under the Khalji's for few more years.
In , Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade Ranthambore , whose king Hammiradeva had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July In the winter of —, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the Kakatiya capital Warangal.
Meanwhile, he himself led another army to conquer Chittor , the capital of the Guhila kingdom ruled by Ratnasimha. While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another invasion of Delhi around August Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by Alauddin's provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols.
The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. In , Alauddin appears to have ordered a second invasion of Gujarat , which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.
In December , the Mongols invaded India again.
Jalaluddin khilji sultan
Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the Gangetic plains along the Himalayan foothills. In , another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the Ravi River , ransacking the territories along the way. Alauddin's forces, led by Malik Kafur , decisively defeated the Mongols.
On the contrary, Alauddin's Dipalpur governor Malik Tughluq regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan. Around , Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to invade Devagiri , whose king Ramachandra had discontinued the tribute payments promised in , and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at Baglana.
Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of Siwana in Marwar region unsuccessfully for several years. The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India.
Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January , ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, Alauddin had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their confrontations with Kanhadadeva , the Chahamana ruler of Jalore.
During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there. At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king Ballala had invaded the Pandyan territory.
When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital Dwarasamudra. From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he raided several towns reaching as far as Madurai. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them Alauddin's tributaries.
Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the Pandyas, and as a result, Alauddin ordered him to be executed in Delhi. This, combined with their general grievances against Alauddin, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam.
A section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. Alauddin then ordered a mass massacre of Mongols in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20, or 30, Mongols. Meanwhile, in Devagiri , after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty.
Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in , defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri. Alauddin was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as Sher Shah Suri and Akbar.
The countryside and agricultural production during Alauddin's time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities.