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She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. Since most Europeans at the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as exotic, and her claims were accepted as genuine. One enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves and movements of her body trembling in a thousand rhythms.
By about , myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.
Mata Hari's career went into decline after On 13 March , she performed in the last show of her career. However, by this time, she had become a successful courtesan , known more for her sensuality and eroticism than for her classical beauty. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries.
Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Before World War I , she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited bohemian , but as war approached, she began to be seen by some as a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a dangerous seductress.
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During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she traveled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was described as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a year-old Russian Staff Captain of the 1st Special Infantry Regiment serving with the French, whom she called the love of her life.
In April , Maslov was wounded fighting in the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to capture the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his sight in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask for permission to visit her wounded lover at the hospital where he was staying near the front. In November she was traveling from Spain aboard the steamship Zeelandia.
Initially detained in Canon Row police station, she was then released and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. In January , Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's that it was obvious that Agent H could only be Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French, suggesting that the messages were contrived to have Zelle arrested by the French.
General Walter Nicolai , the chief IC intelligence officer of the German Army, had grown very annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him with no intelligence worthy of the name, instead selling the Germans mere Paris gossip about the sex lives of French politicians and generals, and decided to terminate her employment by exposing her as a German spy to the French.
Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double agent for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the Germans executed the double agent while the five others continued their operations. This development proved to the Second Bureau that Mata Hari had communicated the names of the six spies to the Germans.
She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50, soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her. Zelle's principal interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he later prosecuted her at trial.
Far from being a Javanese princess, Zelle was Dutch, which he used as evidence of her dubious and dishonest character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20, francs from a German diplomat and former lover as reimbursement for belongings taken from her by German authorities. Bouchardon claimed that this was, in fact, payment to her for spying for Germany.
In the meantime, Ladoux had been preparing a case against his former agent by casting all of her activities in the worst possible light, going so far as to engage in evidence tampering. In , France had been badly shaken by the Great Mutinies of the French Army in the spring of following the failure of the Nivelle Offensive and massive strikes.
France might have collapsed from war exhaustion. Having one German spy on whom everything that went wrong with the war could be blamed was convenient for the French government.
Mata Hari seemed the perfect scapegoat. The case against her received maximum publicity in the French press and led to her importance being greatly exaggerated. Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, and she was a notable target for scapegoating. She was Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Paris.
Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself. Although news reports following her execution claimed she had admitted to spying for Germany, Mata Hari made no such admission. She maintained throughout her ordeal that she had never been a German spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sympathies were with the Allies and declared her passionate love of France, her adopted homeland.
In October , documents released from the archives of MI5 British counter-intelligence were used by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed.
Zelle was executed by a firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before dawn on 15 October She was She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing squad. A New Yorker article reported that at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, especially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves", [ 43 ] though another account indicates she wore the same suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had been picked out by her accusers for her to wear at trial, and which was still the only full, clean outfit which she had in prison.
Wales recorded her death, saying that after the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face.
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For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. Then she fell backward, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled up beneath her. Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris.
In , archivists discovered that it had disappeared, possibly as early as , according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation. Mata Hari's sealed trial and other related documents, a total of 1, pages, were declassified by the French Army in , one hundred years after her execution. Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance.
The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in the Museum of Friesland on 14 October , one hundred years after her death. Mata Hari's birthplace is located in the building at Kelders The building suffered smoke and water damage during a fire in but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of the storefront to reconstruct it as it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop there.
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Mata hari photos: Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch: [mɑrɣaːˈreːtaː ɣeːrˈtrœydaː ˈzɛlə]; 7 August – 15 October ), better known by the stage name Mata Hari (/ ˈmɑːtə ˈhɑːri / MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch: [ˈmaːtaː ˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye of the day'), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germa.
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Mata hari spy
CBSE Notes for class CBSE Notes for class 9. CBSE Notes for class 8. CBSE Notes for class 7. CBSE Notes for class 6. Who is Mata Hari? How Mata Hari Died? Recently Updated Pages. Trending topics. Despite the growing tension in Europe in the years leading up to World War I, Mata Hari foolishly knew no borders with her lovers, who included German officers.
As war swept the continent, she had some freedom of movement as a citizen of neutral Holland and took full advantage of it, country-hopping with trunks of clothing in tow. Before long, however, Mata Hari's cavalier travels and liaisons attracted attention from British and French intelligence, who put her under surveillance.
Now nearing 40, plumpish and with her dancing days clearly behind her, Mata Hari fell in love with a year-old Russian captain, Vladimir de Masloff, in During their courtship, Masloff was sent to the Front, where an injury left him blind in one eye. Determined to earn money to support him, Mata Hari accepted a lucrative assignment to spy for France from Georges Ladoux, an army captain who assumed her courtesan contacts would be of use to French intelligence.
Mata Hari later insisted that she planned to use her connections to seduce her way into the German high command, get secrets and hand them over to the French—but she never got that far. Some historians believe that the Germans suspected Mata Hari was a French spy and subsequently set her up, deliberately sending a message falsely labeling her as a German spy — which they knew would be easily decoded by the French.
Others, of course, believe that she was in fact a German double agent. They threw her in a rat-infested cell at the Prison Saint-Lazare, where she was allowed to see only her elderly lawyer — who happened to be a former lover. During lengthy interrogations by Captain Pierre Bouchardon, a military prosecutor, Mata Hari — who had long lived a fabricated life, embellishing both rearing and resume — bungled and facts about her whereabouts and activities.
Eventually, she dropped a bombshell confession: A German diplomat had once paid her 20, francs to gather intelligence on her frequent trips to Paris. But she swore to investigators that she never actually fulfilled the bargain and always remained faithful to France. She told them she simply viewed the money as compensation for furs and luggage that had once disappeared on a departing train while German border guards hassled her.
A spy, never! Mata Hari's trial came at a time when the Allies were failing to beat back German advances. Real or imagined spies were convenient scapegoats for explaining military losses, and Mata Hari's arrest was one of many. Her chief foil, Captain Georges Ladoux, made sure the evidence against her was constructed in the most damning way—by some accounts even tampering with it to implicate her more deeply.
Her performances received widespread acclaim, and she quickly rose to fame.
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She adopted the stage name Mata Hari and became renowned for her exotic and sensual dances. Mata Hari's fame grew with every performance she gave. She captured the attention of influential individuals, including Monsieur Guimet, a wealthy industrialist and art connoisseur. He suggested that she embrace her beauty and try her hand at performing Eastern dances.
Mata Hari took his advice and it brought her worldwide recognition. She performed in prestigious venues in Paris, including the famous Olympia theater. Her performances, which involved gradually shedding her clothing, created a sensation among audiences. Her association with a high-ranking police official during a dinner drew suspicion of her involvement in espionage for Germany.
Mata Hari attempted to return to Paris through Switzerland but was denied entry due to lack of proper documents.