Hatta meaning
Hatta and Sukarno then went to Maeda who confirmed that Japan had surrendered to the Allies. Hatta and Sukarno seemed shocked that Japan had surrendered. During the afternoon, Hatta and Sukarno were confronted by Indonesian youths who wanted independence to be proclaimed as soon as possible. A heated exchange followed, with Sukarno telling the youths to have more patience.
Hatta, who was aware of this and Sukarno's superiority in the exchange, sarcastically commented on the youths' inability to proclaim independence without Sukarno. On the morning of 16 August , Indonesian youths kidnapped both Hatta and Sukarno and took them to the town of Rengasdengklok where they continued trying to force Hatta and Sukarno to declare independence, but without success.
In Jakarta, there was panic as the PPKI was due to start meeting that day and had planned to elect Sukarno as chairman and Hatta as vice chairman.
That night, Hatta and Sukarno returned to Jakarta where, at Maeda's house, they worked on the Proclamation of Independence. Finally, on 17 August , at Sukarno's residence, Indonesia's independence was finally proclaimed in a short statement on paper signed by both Sukarno and Hatta. On 18 August , Hatta was selected as Indonesia's first vice president by the PPKI to accompany Sukarno, who had been elected as the nation's first president.
Hatta would make three important decisions in the republic's early days. In the same month, Hatta also authorized the formation of political parties in Indonesia. The next month, in November, Hatta also made the decision which took away the president's role as Head of Government and transferred it to a prime minister.
Hatta was able to make these crucial decisions because Sukarno was unable to attend the meetings in question, leaving Hatta in charge. For his part, Sukarno did not seem to have a problem with Hatta's decisions, at least not during the War of Independence. When the Dutch began sending their troops back to Indonesia, Hatta, together with Syahrir and Sukarno, all agreed that a diplomatic solution should be worked out.
This caused tensions with more radical elements within the government such as youth leaders Chairul Saleh and Adam Malik. In January , Hatta and Sukarno moved to Yogyakarta , leaving Syahrir who was by then prime minister to head negotiations in Jakarta. By the end of , the diplomatic solution which Hatta and Sukarno had been looking for seemed to have been found.
However, territorial recognition would only be over Java, Sumatra, and Madura. In addition, this republic would be part of a United States of Indonesia with the Queen of the Netherlands acting as the Head of State. However, before the agreement was finally ratified by the Dutch House of Representatives, some compromises were made without the consent of the republic.
In turn, Indonesia refused to implement its part of the deal, resulting in the first "Police Action" in July During this time, Hatta was sent out of the country to look for support for Indonesia. One country that he went to was India, the homeland of his old friend, Nehru. Disguised as an airplane co-pilot, Hatta sneaked out of the country to ask for assistance.
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There he asked Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi for help. Nehru assured him that India would support Indonesia and would make the support known at international forums such as the United Nations UN. This agreement was more favorable towards the Dutch and called for the republic to recognize the territories which the Dutch had taken during the first "Police Action".
The agreement caused outrage and caused Amir Sjarifuddin to resign from his position as prime minister. To replace Syarifuddin, Sukarno appointed Hatta as prime minister and declared that the cabinet would be an emergency one and would be answerable to the President instead of the KNIP. Hatta also took on the position of minister of defense.
As prime minister, Hatta had to make an unpopular decision. In August , with the republic struggling to pay its troops , Hatta was forced to demobilize some soldiers. In December , the Dutch launched their second "Police Action" and focused their attack on Yogyakarta.
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Hatta and Sukarno, instead of running away to fight guerrilla warfare chose to remain in the city and were arrested. Hatta was sent to Bangka. This played an important role in causing international pressure to be put on the Netherlands. In July , Hatta and Sukarno made their return to Yogyakarta. In November , the formation of the United States of Indonesia was finally agreed.
It was to be a federation consisting of the Republic and 15 States which the Dutch had created during the National Revolution. The Queen of the Netherlands would continue to become the symbolic head of state while Sukarno and Hatta would continue as president and vice president. On 27 December , the Dutch authorities finally recognized Indonesian sovereignty.
Hatta continued on as the Prime Minister of the United States of Indonesia and presided over the transition of the federal state to the unitary state, which was made official on 17 August Indonesia soon adopted a constitution which advocated parliamentary democracy and reduced the president to the role of a ceremonial head of state.
That left Hatta with little to do as vice president, especially since his term as prime minister was not renewed. For his remaining time as vice president, Hatta was regularly invited to deliver lectures in universities. He also engaged in intellectual pursuits, writing essays and books about topics such as the economy and cooperatives.
The idea of cooperatives being an integral part of economy would become a pet project for Hatta and he would become an enthusiastic promoter of the idea. In July , on the occasion of Cooperatives Day, Hatta went on the radio to deliver a speech on cooperatives. In , Hatta's contribution towards promoting cooperatives was recognized and he was given the title "Father of Indonesian Cooperatives" at the Indonesian Cooperative Congress.
Aside from cooperatives, Hatta's other main contribution to Indonesia governance was the setting of the nation's foreign policy doctrine. In saying this, Hatta wanted Indonesia to be independent in deciding its stance during the Cold War. Hatta also added that Indonesia should be an active participant in world politics so that once again it would be Indonesia's interests that came first.
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This doctrine, which would become known as the "Independent and Active" doctrine, continues to be the basis of Indonesian foreign policy. In , Hatta announced that when the new People's Representative Council DPR as well as the Constitutional Assembly , a body commissioned to create a new constitution, were formed as a result of the year's legislative and assembly elections , he would retire from the vice presidency.
He announced this intention in a letter to Sukarno. On the surface, it seemed as if Hatta was retiring for practical reasons. Because the presidency was a ceremonial role, this made the office of vice president pointless, and Hatta thought that the country was wasting a lot of money paying his wages. There were also personal reasons, however.
As a man who believed in democracy, Hatta was beginning to feel disillusioned with Sukarno's increasing autocracy and authoritarianism. Hatta had continued to advise Sukarno against taking this road but he was ignored.
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Hatta finally gave up and thought that he could no longer work with Sukarno. Hatta's retirement caused shockwaves all around Indonesia, especially for those of non-Javanese ethnicity. In the eyes of non-Javanese people, Hatta was their main representative in a Javanese-dominated Government. The impact of Hatta's retirement was evident in the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia PRRI rebellion which wanted to break free from Indonesia, and the Universal Struggle Permesta movement, which asked for decentralization.
Now outside the government, Hatta began to openly criticize Sukarno. One of his criticisms was Sukarno's lack of commitment towards national development. Hatta said that the revolution ended with the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty and that the government's focus should be on development. Sukarno rejected this idea outright and responded to it during his Independence Day speech by saying that the revolution was not over.
In , Hatta wrote a book called Our Democracy. In it, he criticized Sukarno's Guided Democracy as another form of dictatorship. Sukarno immediately banned the book. Hatta wrote a personal letter to Sukarno calling the arrest 'colonial' and 'non-rational', but to no avail. The old revolutionary trinity had definitively broken down.
During the tumultuous time which saw the presidency changed hands from Sukarno to General Suharto , Hatta remained in the background. However, he would break his silence in June , just a week before Sukarno died. In a letter to Suharto, Hatta said that he was disappointed that Sukarno was put under house arrest instead of being put on trial. Hatta's reason for this was not malicious: he just wanted matters relating to 30 September Movement coup attempt of to be cleared up and for Sukarno to be given a chance to defend his actions, as many believed that he was not guilty.
Hatta's involvement with Suharto's government came at the beginning of when protests were made about corruption within it. In January , Suharto appointed Hatta, along with three others as members of a commission to investigate corruption within the government. Baca juga: Biografi BJ. Habibie, Mimpi dan Kenangan. Dewi Sartika was the leading figure for the education for Indonesia women.
She was born on 4 December and died on 11 September The most important acts she made were when she founded the first school for women. Because of it, she was acknowledged formally as National Hero in Dewi Sartika was born in Cicalengka on 4 December in the aristocratic Sundanese family. Her father is R. Rangga Somanegara and her mother is R.
Raja pemas. According to some biographies, as a child, Dewi Sartika often pretended to be a teacher.
Biography template for professionals: Bung Hatta was one of the key leaders in Indonesia's independence movement. As one of the Proclamators, he helped declare Indonesia's independence in and served as the country's first vice president.
He studied in the Dutch School. She lived with her uncle after her father died and then received Sundanese education culture there. In she decided to move to Bandung. She founded Sekolah Isteri on 16 January in Bandung. In the new location, the name of the school was changed to Sekolah Kaoetamaan Isteri. In , the school became so popular and had nine branches in West Java.
In , all cities in West Java have one school.
However, the school changed its name in September to Sekolah Raden Dewi. He was famous because of his interest on many areas, including architecture, sculpting, music, science, engineering, mathematics, anatomy, literature and many more. He is also the man who has been called as the father of iconology, architecture and paleontology.
Some experts on aeronautic said that Leonardo da Vinci was the man who firstly put the foundation of helicopter, parachute and tank. Many scholars and historians regard the Italian man as the prime exemplar of the Renaissance man, unquenchable curiosity, feverishly inventive imagination and Universal Genius. Leonardo da Vinci was educated in the studio belonged to Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence.
Much of his life was spent in Milan to serve Ludovicoil Moro. Later, he them moved to Rome, Venice and Bologna and spent his last years in France. Many people recognized Leonardo da Vinci as a great painter. Mona Lisa is the most popular portrait he made and maybe the most expensive art collection in the world. Besides creating portrait and invented many things, Leonardo also creating religious painting, the most famous is of course The Last Supper.
There are no such genius artists in the world who can replace Leonardo da Vinci. Ayahnya meninggal saat Hatta berusia delapan bulan. Hatta menikah dengan Rahmi Hatta pada tanggal 18 November Hatta memulai pendidikannya di ssebuah sekolah swasta bernama Sekolah Melayu. Hatta mulai menunjukkan ketertarikannya pada dunia politik dan pergerakan national sejak beliau berusia 16 tahun.
Beliau bergabung dengan Jong Sumatranen Bond dan beliau terpilih sebagai bendahara. Beliau menamatkan sekolahnya dengan tanda kehormatan sehingga beliau diperbolehkan untuk melanjutkan sekolahnya ke Rotterdam School of Commerce di Belanda. Beliau mengambil jurusan ekonomi dan mendapatkan gelar doktorandus di sana.
Kemudian beliau melanjutkan untuk mengejar gelar doktornya, namun beliau tidak menyelesaikan tesisnya karena politik telah mengambil alih kehidupannya. Hatta menjabat sebagai bendahara dari tahun kemudian beliau menjadi ketua dari tahun Perhimpoenan Indonesia kemudian berubah dari sebuah organisasi pelajar menjadi organisasi politik yang berjuang memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia.
Ini ditunjukkan melalui suaranya di sebuah majalah bernama Indonesia Merdeka dimana Hatta adalah editornya. Hatta menghadiri semua kongres diseluruh Eropa untuk mendapatkan dukungan dari negara lain, beliau selalu menjadi delegasi dari Indonesia. Pada pertengahan tahun , aktifitas dari Perhimpoenan Indonesia diberi peringatan oleh pemerintah Belanda.
Pada Juni , pemerintah belanda menjebloskan Hatta dan empat aktivis Indonesia ke penjara. Pada tahun , Hatta dan aktivis lainnya dari Perhimpoenan Indonesia dibebaskan. Mereka di penjara selama satu tahun. Di sana, mereka bergabung dengan nationalis lainnya seperti Iwa Kusumasumantri and Dr. Ditahun yang sama, pemerintah kolonial Belanda menyerah.
Pada Maret , Hatta dan Syahrir dipindahkan ke Jakarta. Pada Juli , Hatta bergabung kembali dengan Sukarno. Pada sebuah rapat rahasia di kediaman Hatta di Jakarta, Sukarno, Hatta dan Syahrir setuju untuk membentuk sebuah pergerakan revolusi untuk meraih kemerdekaan Indonesia dari Jepang. Dalam pidatonya pada bulan Desember , Hatta berkata bahwa Indonesia telah bebas dari pemerintah kolonial Belanda, tapi Indonesia bebas hanya untuk dijajah lagi oleh kekuasaan lainna, beliau lebih memilih untuk melihat Indonesia tenggelam ke dasar laut.
Sebagai imbas dari perang yang mulai berbalik arah melawan Jepang, pemerintah Jepang di Indonesia mulai kehilangan kendalinya di Indonesia. Al - Battani Albategnius Pascaperadaban Yunani, kemajuan peradaban Islam berikut ilmu pengetahuan, khususnya dalam bidang astr Plato adalah muridny Basuki Tjahaja Purnama or Ahok Profile.
Al-Mawardi, Ahli politik dan Hukum Islam. Popular Biografi Al-Battani Albategnius. Biografi Ibn al-Nafis. Short Biography of Soekarno. Short Biography of Soekarno Dr. Born in Surabaya on June 6, , fro Biografi Sisingamangaraja XII. A Short Biography of Hatta Dr. Mohammad Hatta was born with the name Mohammad Athar, nicknamed B Biografi Alfonso de Albuquerque.