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The new tax would be administered by a system of provincial assemblies elected by the local property owners at parish, district and provincial levels. This central proposal was accompanied by other reforms meant to further rationalize the French economy, a package that included free trade in grain and abolition of France's myriad internal customs barriers.
It was in effect one of the most, if not the most, comprehensive attempts at enlightened reform during the reign of King Louis XVI. After taking office, he discovered the nation had debts of million livres partly incurred by France's involvement in the American Revolution and no means of paying them. In October he reissued gold coinage and developed the Caisse d'Escompte [ 2 ] dealing in cash discounts.
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Knowing the Parlement of Paris would veto a single land tax that all landowners would have to pay, Calonne persuaded Louis XVI to call an assembly of notables to vote on his referendum. All these measures failed because of the powerlessness of the crown to impose them. As a last resort, Calonne proposed that the king abolish internal customs duties and implement a property tax on nobles and clergy.
After he made a presentation to the assembly on the French deficit and its causes and dangers as he saw them, Calonne proposed the establishment of a subvention territoriale , which would be levied on all property without distinction. This suppression of privileges was badly received. Calonne's spendthrift and authoritarian reputation was well known to the parlements, earning him their enmity.
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Knowing this, he intentionally submitted his reform programme directly to the king and the hand-picked assembly of notables, not to the sovereign courts or parlements, first. Composed of the old regime's social and political elite, however, the assembly of notables balked at the deficit presented to them when they met at Versailles in February , and despite Calonne's plan for reform and his backing from the king, they suspected that the controller-general was in some way responsible for the enormous financial strains.
Calonne, angered, printed his reports and so alienated the court. Calonne soon afterwards left for Great Britain , and during his residence there kept up a polemical correspondence with Necker. In , when the Estates-General were about to assemble, he crossed to Flanders in the hope of offering himself for election, but he was forbidden to enter France.
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He died about a month after his arrival in his native country. Calonne's negative reputation and assumed responsibility for France's financial crisis in the years leading to the Revolution of have been judged unfair by historians such as Munro Price. During his position as controller-general, he had genuinely tried to make amends for his previous spendthrift policies.
As a contemporary writer, Nicolas Chamfort , remarked, Calonne was "applauded when he lit the fire, and condemned when he sounded the alarm. His fall had important significance to the fate of the monarchy in France before The financial strains made apparent through Calonne's attempts at reform revealed the instability of the monarchy as a whole, which up until then had been managed on the basis of traditional monarchical absolutism : secretly, hierarchically, without public scrutiny of accounts or consent to taxation.
For centuries, the monarchy had controlled fiscal policy on its own terms, and when knowledge of an unmanageable and growing deficit became more widely known, the image was of a failed and, in many ways, corrupt institution. Louis XVI, who had backed Calonne's reform programme wholeheartedly, saw its refusal by the notables and the parliament as a personal failure.
Conscientious in his attempts to alleviate the suffering of the French people, the king, it is clear, genuinely hoped to implement an enlightened policy with the help of Calonne. During all this time the royal household, which included the extended royal family, their friends, lovers, parties, dogs, and hunting gear, swallowed an enormous amount of money.
By the end of , Calonne was in a real pickle. Calonne's Plan B. Now not being able to borrow any more, and looking national bankruptcy straight in the eye, Calonne resumed the strategy of previous finance ministers Turgot and Necker — attempting to abolish the nobility's tax privileges. In particular, Calonne wanted to impose a new land tax, the subvention territoriale.
As a bait, he suggested to set up provincial assemblies who would collect this tax but who would also participate in official politics. Calonne realized that it had become necessary to implement financial reforms and administrative reforms simultaneously. In order to get all these new measures on their way as quickly as possible and with as little fuss as possible, Calonne — himself the son of a magistrate — tried to bypass the opposition of the parlement by introducing his reforms at an assembly of notables.
Writes he, "A kingdom in which the provinces are unknown to one another [ It is a curious piece of juggling of the comptroller-general. Calonne presented his strategy at the Assembly of Notables which commenced, with delay, on February 22, The Notables refused and Calonne was lucky to get his hide out of the room in one piece.
Trying to rally public opinion, Calonne published his Collection of memoranda , spiked with a ballsy preface, the Avertissement. But it alienated Notables and the general public alike. Check these events in the Timeline of the French Revolution. After the outbreak of the French Revolution on July 14, , Calonne worked as counter-revolutionary from abroad.
In , under the Consulate , Calonne returned to France.
Calonne died on October 2, , at Paris. Calonne's Appearance and Character. I have been much in Calonne's society during the period of time which he passed here in England, between and his decease in In his person he exceeded the common height, thin, active, and always in motion. His physiognomy was very expressive; gay, full of intelligence, never clouded, perpetually animated by hope and cheerfulness.
The calamities of the house of Bourbon and of France were not to be traced in his features, nor recognized in his conversation.
Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Charles-Alexandre de Calonne (born Jan. 20, , Douai, France—died Oct. 29, , Paris) was a French statesman whose efforts to reform the structure of his nation’s finance and administration precipitated the governmental crisis that led to the French Revolution of
Buoyant from natural disposition, fertile in expedients and resources, ever looking forward with confidence, he could not be subdued by adverse fortune. Nor was he deficient in the attainments, information, and knowledge of a financier. But he wanted the probity and stern severity of Sully ; while he equally wanted the sound judgment, the application to business, the spirit of order, the enlightened economy, and the elevated principles of moral and political action, all which met in Colbert.
However, Calonne's critics claim that he used his intelligence by oppressing his conscience, that he himself lived in unnecessary luxury, and that he blamed his own mistakes on his predecessors.
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See also Taxation in Pre-Revolutionary France. More History. Adnan Khairallah. Mary Jozef de Lafayet. Victor Mezhak. Mustafa Dzhemilev.
He assumed office on the 3rd of November He owed the position to Vergennes, who for three years and a half continued to support him; but the king was not well disposed towards him, and, according to the testimony of the Austrian ambassador, his reputation with the public was extremely poor. In taking office he found " millions to pay and neither money nor credit.
In October he recoined the gold coinage, and he developed the caisse d'escompte. But these measures failing, he proposed to the king the suppression of internal customs, duties and the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy.